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+
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<!--[if IE 8]><html class="no-js lt-ie9" lang="en" > <![endif]-->
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+  <title>Security &mdash; CodeIgniter 3.1.10 documentation</title>
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+    <link rel="shortcut icon" href="../_static/ci-icon.ico"/>
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+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/static_pages.html">Static pages</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/news_section.html">News section</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/create_news_items.html">Create news items</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../tutorial/conclusion.html">Conclusion</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../contributing/index.html">Contributing to CodeIgniter</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../documentation/index.html">Writing CodeIgniter Documentation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../DCO.html">Developer’s Certificate of Origin 1.1</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal" href="index.html">General Topics</a><ul class="current">
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urls.html">CodeIgniter URLs</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="controllers.html">Controllers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reserved_names.html">Reserved Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="views.html">Views</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="models.html">Models</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="helpers.html">Helpers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="libraries.html">Using CodeIgniter Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_libraries.html">Creating Libraries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="drivers.html">Using CodeIgniter Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="creating_drivers.html">Creating Drivers</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="core_classes.html">Creating Core System Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ancillary_classes.html">Creating Ancillary Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hooks.html">Hooks - Extending the Framework Core</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="autoloader.html">Auto-loading Resources</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="common_functions.html">Common Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compatibility_functions.html">Compatibility Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="routing.html">URI Routing</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errors.html">Error Handling</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="caching.html">Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profiling.html">Profiling Your Application</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cli.html">Running via the CLI</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="managing_apps.html">Managing your Applications</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="environments.html">Handling Multiple Environments</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="alternative_php.html">Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">Security</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="styleguide.html">PHP Style Guide</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/index.html">Libraries</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/benchmark.html">Benchmarking Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/caching.html">Caching Driver</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/calendar.html">Calendaring Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/cart.html">Shopping Cart Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/config.html">Config Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/email.html">Email Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encrypt.html">Encrypt Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/encryption.html">Encryption Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/file_uploading.html">File Uploading Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html">Form Validation</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/ftp.html">FTP Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/image_lib.html">Image Manipulation Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/input.html">Input Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/javascript.html">Javascript Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/language.html">Language Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/loader.html">Loader Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/migration.html">Migrations Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/output.html">Output Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/pagination.html">Pagination Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/parser.html">Template Parser Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html">Security Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/sessions.html">Session Library</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/table.html">HTML Table Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/trackback.html">Trackback Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/typography.html">Typography Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/unit_testing.html">Unit Testing Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/uri.html">URI Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/user_agent.html">User Agent Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/xmlrpc.html">XML-RPC and XML-RPC Server Classes</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/zip.html">Zip Encoding Class</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/index.html">Database Reference</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/examples.html">Quick Start: Usage Examples</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/configuration.html">Database Configuration</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/connecting.html">Connecting to a Database</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html">Running Queries</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/results.html">Generating Query Results</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/helpers.html">Query Helper Functions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/query_builder.html">Query Builder Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/transactions.html">Transactions</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/metadata.html">Getting MetaData</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/call_function.html">Custom Function Calls</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/caching.html">Query Caching</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/forge.html">Database Manipulation with Database Forge</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/utilities.html">Database Utilities Class</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../database/db_driver_reference.html">Database Driver Reference</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/index.html">Helpers</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/array_helper.html">Array Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/captcha_helper.html">CAPTCHA Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/cookie_helper.html">Cookie Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/date_helper.html">Date Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/directory_helper.html">Directory Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/download_helper.html">Download Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/email_helper.html">Email Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/file_helper.html">File Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/form_helper.html">Form Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/html_helper.html">HTML Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/inflector_helper.html">Inflector Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/language_helper.html">Language Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/number_helper.html">Number Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/path_helper.html">Path Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/security_helper.html">Security Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/smiley_helper.html">Smiley Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/string_helper.html">String Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/text_helper.html">Text Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/typography_helper.html">Typography Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/url_helper.html">URL Helper</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="../helpers/xml_helper.html">XML Helper</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+          
+        
+      </div>
+      &nbsp;
+    </nav>
+
+    <section data-toggle="wy-nav-shift" class="wy-nav-content-wrap">
+
+      
+      <nav class="wy-nav-top" role="navigation" aria-label="top navigation">
+        <i data-toggle="wy-nav-top" class="fa fa-bars"></i>
+        <a href="../index.html">CodeIgniter</a>
+      </nav>
+
+
+      
+      <div class="wy-nav-content">
+        <div class="rst-content">
+          <div role="navigation" aria-label="breadcrumbs navigation">
+  <ul class="wy-breadcrumbs">
+    <li><a href="../index.html">Docs</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+        <li><a href="index.html">General Topics</a> &raquo;</li>
+      
+    <li>Security</li>
+    <li class="wy-breadcrumbs-aside">
+      
+    </li>
+    <div style="float:right;margin-left:5px;" id="closeMe">
+      <img title="Classic Layout" alt="classic layout" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhFAAUAJEAAAAAADMzM////wAAACH5BAUUAAIALAAAAAAUABQAAAImlI+py+0PU5gRBRDM3DxbWoXis42X13USOLauUIqnlsaH/eY6UwAAOw==" />
+    </div>
+  </ul>
+  <hr/>
+</div>
+          <div role="main" class="document">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="security">
+<h1>Security<a class="headerlink" href="#security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This page describes some “best practices” regarding web security, and
+details CodeIgniter’s internal security features.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">If you came here looking for a security contact, please refer to
+our <cite>Contribution Guide &lt;../contributing/index&gt;</cite>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="uri-security">
+<h2>URI Security<a class="headerlink" href="#uri-security" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter is fairly restrictive regarding which characters it allows
+in your URI strings in order to help minimize the possibility that
+malicious data can be passed to your application. URIs may only contain
+the following:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li>Alpha-numeric text (latin characters only)</li>
+<li>Tilde: ~</li>
+<li>Percent sign: %</li>
+<li>Period: .</li>
+<li>Colon: :</li>
+<li>Underscore: _</li>
+<li>Dash: -</li>
+<li>Space</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="register-globals">
+<h2>Register_globals<a class="headerlink" href="#register-globals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>During system initialization all global variables that are found to exist
+in the <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_REQUEST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_COOKIE</span></code> are unset.</p>
+<p>The unsetting routine is effectively the same as <em>register_globals = off</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="display-errors">
+<h2>display_errors<a class="headerlink" href="#display-errors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>In production environments, it is typically desirable to “disable” PHP’s
+error reporting by setting the internal <em>display_errors</em> flag to a value
+of 0. This disables native PHP errors from being rendered as output,
+which may potentially contain sensitive information.</p>
+<p>Setting CodeIgniter’s <strong>ENVIRONMENT</strong> constant in index.php to a value of
+<strong>‘production’</strong> will turn off these errors. In development mode, it is
+recommended that a value of ‘development’ is used. More information
+about differentiating between environments can be found on the
+<a class="reference internal" href="environments.html"><span class="doc">Handling Environments</span></a> page.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="magic-quotes-runtime">
+<h2>magic_quotes_runtime<a class="headerlink" href="#magic-quotes-runtime" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The <em>magic_quotes_runtime</em> directive is turned off during system
+initialization so that you don’t have to remove slashes when retrieving
+data from your database.</p>
+<div class="section" id="best-practices">
+<h3>Best Practices<a class="headerlink" href="#best-practices" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Before accepting any data into your application, whether it be POST data
+from a form submission, COOKIE data, URI data, XML-RPC data, or even
+data from the SERVER array, you are encouraged to practice this three
+step approach:</p>
+<ol class="arabic simple">
+<li>Validate the data to ensure it conforms to the correct type, length,
+size, etc.</li>
+<li>Filter the data as if it were tainted.</li>
+<li>Escape the data before submitting it into your database or outputting
+it to a browser.</li>
+</ol>
+<p>CodeIgniter provides the following functions and tips to assist you
+in this process:</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="xss-filtering">
+<h2>XSS Filtering<a class="headerlink" href="#xss-filtering" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter comes with a Cross Site Scripting filter. This filter
+looks for commonly used techniques to embed malicious JavaScript into
+your data, or other types of code that attempt to hijack cookies or
+do other malicious things. The XSS Filter is described
+<a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">here</span></a>.</p>
+<div class="admonition note">
+<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
+<p class="last">XSS filtering should <em>only be performed on output</em>. Filtering
+input data may modify the data in undesirable ways, including
+stripping special characters from passwords, which reduces
+security instead of improving it.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="csrf-protection">
+<h2>CSRF protection<a class="headerlink" href="#csrf-protection" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CSRF stands for Cross-Site Request Forgery, which is the process of an
+attacker tricking their victim into unknowingly submitting a request.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter provides CSRF protection out of the box, which will get
+automatically triggered for every non-GET HTTP request, but also needs
+you to create your submit forms in a certain way. This is explained in
+the <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/security.html"><span class="doc">Security Library</span></a> documentation.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="password-handling">
+<h2>Password handling<a class="headerlink" href="#password-handling" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>It is <em>critical</em> that you handle passwords in your application properly.</p>
+<p>Unfortunately, many developers don’t know how to do that, and the web is
+full of outdated or otherwise wrongful advices, which doesn’t help.</p>
+<p>We would like to give you a list of combined do’s and don’ts to help you
+with that. Please read below.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT store passwords in plain-text format.</p>
+<p>Always <strong>hash</strong> your passwords.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT use Base64 or similar encoding for storing passwords.</p>
+<p>This is as good as storing them in plain-text. Really. Do <strong>hashing</strong>,
+not <em>encoding</em>.</p>
+<p>Encoding, and encryption too, are two-way processes. Passwords are
+secrets that must only be known to their owner, and thus must work
+only in one direction. Hashing does that - there’s <em>no</em> un-hashing or
+de-hashing, but there is decoding and decryption.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT use weak or broken hashing algorithms like MD5 or SHA1.</p>
+<p>These algorithms are old, proven to be flawed, and not designed for
+password hashing in the first place.</p>
+<p>Also, DON’T invent your own algorithms.</p>
+<p>Only use strong password hashing algorithms like BCrypt, which is used
+in PHP’s own <a class="reference external" href="http://php.net/password">Password Hashing</a> functions.</p>
+<p>Please use them, even if you’re not running PHP 5.5+, CodeIgniter
+provides them for you.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT ever display or send a password in plain-text format!</p>
+<p>Even to the password’s owner, if you need a “Forgotten password”
+feature, just randomly generate a new, one-time (this is also important)
+password and send that instead.</p>
+</li>
+<li><p class="first">DO NOT put unnecessary limits on your users’ passwords.</p>
+<p>If you’re using a hashing algorithm other than BCrypt (which has a limit
+of 72 characters), you should set a relatively high limit on password
+lengths in order to mitigate DoS attacks - say, 1024 characters.</p>
+<p>Other than that however, there’s no point in forcing a rule that a
+password can only be up to a number of characters, or that it can’t
+contain a certain set of special characters.</p>
+<p>Not only does this <strong>reduce</strong> security instead of improving it, but
+there’s literally no reason to do it. No technical limitations and
+no (practical) storage constraints apply once you’ve hashed them, none!</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="validate-input-data">
+<h2>Validate input data<a class="headerlink" href="#validate-input-data" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>CodeIgniter has a <a class="reference internal" href="../libraries/form_validation.html"><span class="doc">Form Validation Library</span></a> that assists you in
+validating, filtering, and prepping your data.</p>
+<p>Even if that doesn’t work for your use case however, be sure to always
+validate and sanitize all input data. For example, if you expect a numeric
+string for an input variable, you can check for that with <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">is_numeric()</span></code>
+or <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">ctype_digit()</span></code>. Always try to narrow down your checks to a certain
+pattern.</p>
+<p>Have it in mind that this includes not only <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_POST</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">$_GET</span></code>
+variables, but also cookies, the user-agent string and basically
+<em>all data that is not created directly by your own code</em>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="escape-all-data-before-database-insertion">
+<h2>Escape all data before database insertion<a class="headerlink" href="#escape-all-data-before-database-insertion" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Never insert information into your database without escaping it.
+Please see the section that discusses <a class="reference internal" href="../database/queries.html"><span class="doc">database queries</span></a> for more information.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="hide-your-files">
+<h2>Hide your files<a class="headerlink" href="#hide-your-files" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Another good security practice is to only leave your <em>index.php</em>
+and “assets” (e.g. .js, css and image files) under your server’s
+<em>webroot</em> directory (most commonly named “htdocs/”). These are
+the only files that you would need to be accessible from the web.</p>
+<p>Allowing your visitors to see anything else would potentially
+allow them to access sensitive data, execute scripts, etc.</p>
+<p>If you’re not allowed to do that, you can try using a .htaccess
+file to restrict access to those resources.</p>
+<p>CodeIgniter will have an index.html file in all of its
+directories in an attempt to hide some of this data, but have
+it in mind that this is not enough to prevent a serious
+attacker.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+          </div>
+          <footer>
+  
+    <div class="rst-footer-buttons" role="navigation" aria-label="footer navigation">
+      
+        <a href="styleguide.html" class="btn btn-neutral float-right" title="PHP Style Guide">Next <span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-right"></span></a>
+      
+      
+        <a href="alternative_php.html" class="btn btn-neutral" title="Alternate PHP Syntax for View Files"><span class="fa fa-arrow-circle-left"></span> Previous</a>
+      
+    </div>
+  
+
+  <hr/>
+
+  <div role="contentinfo">
+    <p>
+        &copy; Copyright 2014 - 2019, British Columbia Institute of Technology.
+      Last updated on Jan 16, 2019.
+    </p>
+  </div>
+
+  Built with <a href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> using a <a href="https://github.com/snide/sphinx_rtd_theme">theme</a> provided by <a href="https://readthedocs.org">Read the Docs</a>.
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+</footer>
+        </div>
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